27 Created on December 23, 2021 Four Principles Do you have the gist of common criticisms of the four principles? 1 / 7 The Four Principles were created by James Childress and Thomas Beauchamp Peter Singer and Robert Klitzman James Childress and Robert George Fritz Jahr 2 / 7 Which of the following is one of the four principles of bioethics? Transparency Beneficence Privacy Data Use Limitation 3 / 7 Drawbacks of the four principle include Beneficence implies goodness and creates unnecessary controversy by positioning one side as against goodness. Autonomy often has the weight of law undermining the four principles approach. Justice is used as a catchall allowing circumstances to evade further moral analysis. All of the above. 4 / 7 One of the benefits of the four principles framework is it is easy for non-philosophers to apply. it applies to many different ethical dilemmas. its ability to allow quick assessment of ethical dilemmas. All of the above 5 / 7 All of the authors below criticize the four principles except Gillon Campbell Callahan Trotter 6 / 7 According to the module, the four principles can be problematic in the clinical setting because They do not inform ethicists on how to weigh each stakeholder's interest. They are too complex and time consuming. They cover too many relevant considerations. They do not provide a simple box-checking approach. 7 / 7 One of the primary drawbacks of the four principles approach is its accuracy its leading to compromise its making patients happy with an outcome not in their favor stalemate Your score is The average score is 69% LinkedIn Facebook Twitter VKontakte 0% Restart quiz 7 Created on December 23, 2021 Big Data, Tech Ethics, and Privacy A short quiz on big data 1 / 15 Some issues caused by big data include Discrimination Too much marketing Privacy risk Unfairness in profits All of the above 2 / 15 When a new invention or technology collects data and the patent-holder of the technology has rights to the data produced by its use, that entity holds a trade secret data-generating patent trademark plant patent 3 / 15 Black-box medicine refers to the use of big data in treating disease. Usually diagnosis or treatment decisions using big data rely on doctor's expertise causation clinical examination correlation 4 / 15 Ways to deidentify data for HIPAA compliance include expert determination and a small risk of reidentification remove 18 identifiers either of the above 5 / 15 In Olmstead v. United States (1928) which Supreme Court justice described a "right to be let alone"? Antonin Scalia Louis Brandeis Benjamin Cardozo Sandra Day O'Connor 6 / 15 Which of the following laws are relevant to student medical records held by a school? HIPAA FTCA FERPA FCRA CCPA 7 / 15 Privacy as confidentiality differs from the right to be left alone or to make personal decisions without government intrusion. HIPAA cover which type of privacy? confidentiality freedom from government intrusion both neither 8 / 15 Ethical surveillance should require probable cause and a warrant informed consent 9 / 15 Algorithms outperform clinicians True False 10 / 15 Facial recognition technology can be used to determine emotional state genetic data patient identification weight and body mass index all of the above 11 / 15 Most data privacy laws and resolutions are based on principles including all of the following except portability of data benefit of data use in scientific research accessibility to data and ability to correct data facilitate international flow of data protect privacy ensure fair compensation for data 12 / 15 Most people expect that their data can be sold for profit by medical institutions that collected it. True False 13 / 15 Informed consent offers a person some agency over their person, medical procedures, and personal data. Yet informed consent does not protect people from surveillance national security from cyberthreats the right to be compensated for data the right to control deidentified data all of the above 14 / 15 Technology has changed the work environment and caused job loss. Which of the following ethical considerations is the least supported by the evidence? jobs have an intrinsic and instrumental value workplaces are a source of community progress is an intrinsic and instrumental good all unemployment is the fault of the person who did not have a strong enough work ethic 15 / 15 Principles and goals of tech ethics and ethical AI include which of the following transparency fairness social responsibility incorporating diversity and bias prevention privacy and protection from threats minimizing harm all of the above Your score is The average score is 89% LinkedIn Facebook Twitter VKontakte 0% Restart quiz 5 Created on January 06, 2022 By Anne Zimmerman Person-Centered Care Test your knowledge of the ethical issues in person-centered care. 1 / 10 Person-centered care prioritizes the practitioner's values over those of the person seeking or refusing care. reflects paternalism. reflects healthcare values, preferences, and end-of-life philosophy is a bad priority because people do not understand medicine enough to make good decisions. 2 / 10 An example of a healthcare practitioner respecting the dignity of a person seeking care is unwanted touch restrictions respecting modesty disregard 3 / 10 Dignity can be any of the following except conferred irrelevant in the medical care system medical care inherent based on social status 4 / 10 Practitioners might engage in a dignity infraction due to agesim helpfulness kindness respect 5 / 10 Dignity as a principle in the delivery of health care goes beyond autonomy and rights and also reflects which of the following? meaning of life values concerning end of life and quality of life modesty all of the above 6 / 10 Societal problems like refusals of care by people who would otherwise want care solely because of a lack of finances should be solved only at the doctor's office only at the dermatology office by legislation and with support of the voting public only at the bedside 7 / 10 I argue that informed refusal should be aligned with informed consent uninformed refusal absolute refusal 8 / 10 One of the tricky issues in bioethics is determining whose version of a good outcome correlates with beneficence. The following are helpful tactics except analyzing the stakeholders and discerning the type and heft of their stake in the outcome analyzing the ways in which various options might create good for the person seeking or refusing care telling the person an ethics committee will make the decision without their input thinking about long term effects of violating a person's wishes by imposing care or refusing to treat in the way they prefer (might there be risks to trust in doctors, trust in public health, and a risk of not seeking medical attention in the future) 9 / 10 Beneficence can be person-centered. True False 10 / 10 Healthcare values differ greatly. Examples of healthcare values include avoiding doctors completely while maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle wishing to be treated aggressively, using medicine whenever it is available for an ailment, and prioritizing life-at-all-costs valuing quality of life over longevity valuing longevity over quality of life wishing to engage with doctors for serious issues, but to avoid doctors when diet and lifestyle seem likely to be curative or mitigating enough to the person's satisfaction all of the above Your score is The average score is 92% LinkedIn Facebook Twitter VKontakte 0% Restart quiz 2 Created on December 24, 2021 Conflicts of Interest Testing your understanding of conflicts at many levels. 1 / 11 It can be difficult to tell whether a conflict of interest is problematic. All of the following are ways in which disclosure of a conflict can be ethically sufficient to allow the conflict of interest to persist except the conflict did not lead the person making the disclosure to significant financial gain the person disclosing is a clinician recommending only the medicine that is the subject of the conflict and alternatives exist checks in the system like oversight of research counterbalanced the conflict the personal goals of the researcher align with public goals 2 / 11 To eliminate conflicts of interest, some ideas include barring people who would profit from laws from sitting on government commissions that influence responsible laws ending the revolving door between agencies that have approval or oversight responsibilities and the corporations they regulate separating lab research from clinical care to remove the temptation to promote experimentation based on ego when alternatives exist and to limit instances where personal power can impact patients directly limiting the use of disclosure as the sole means to counteract conflicts of interest; focus on eliminating the conflict over divulging it all of the above 3 / 11 Doctors may fail to recognize a patient's or parent's right to refuse care out of fear of liability to cure the patient to share important research 4 / 11 Most academic medical journals accept disclosure of conflicts of interest as sufficient based on their overvaluing the principle of fairness transparency beneficence censorship 5 / 11 Hospital ethics committees likely have a conflict of interest based on their composition. Why because they usually are run by doctors and include hospital employees because they have a social worker because they are large all of the above 6 / 11 When government is involved in nutrition (for example, the food pyramid or diet recommendations) there can be a conflict because lobbyists for the food industry have power and money there can be a conflict because the government should not be involved in personal decisions there can be a conflict because the government does not pay nutritionists enough 7 / 11 An example of a conflict of interest in the hospital setting is discharging a patient so that the bed can be assigned to a new patient whose care will be reimbursed at a higher rate discharging a person who is ready to go home recommending someone remain inpatient according to their medical condition 8 / 11 A doctor in New York might not apologize for a medical error because New York does not have an apology law the doctor is not polite the doctor who is deeply concerned, fears that without an apology law, an apology could seem like an admission of fault All of the above 9 / 11 It may be unwise to completely eliminate all conflicts of interest in medicine because of all of the following except physician partnerships with industry allow for the development of important treatments collaborations between academic medical center and industry create more treatments there is entrenchment that leads to conflicts at many levels so we will never be able to eliminate them all checks and balances can prevent certain conflicts of interest from causing harm 10 / 11 When representatives and senators in the US Congress hold stock in medical device and pharmaceutical corporations, there is a conflict of interest that should be impermissible because the representative's potential to benefit from corporate profits does not align with the interests of most constituents the representative could influence policy, approval, and access to products made by companies in which the representative owns stock the representative could be biased when taking part in votes to use laws designed to reel in corporate abuse of power (like Bayr Dole march-in rights to limit patent protection) disclosure is not enough to resolve the conflict all of the above 11 / 11 Systems that fail to address conflicts of interest experience shortages of medicine a lack of public trust more medical errors income inequality Your score is The average score is 68% LinkedIn Facebook Twitter VKontakte 0% Restart quiz 3 Created on December 24, 2021 Critical Thinking Examining what we mean by critical thinking, common sense, and critical theory. 1 / 7 Critical thinking requires challenging assumptions. Which of the following are assumptions in bioethics? beneficence is similar to paternalism hospital ethics committees benefit doctors more that patients the four principles provide the best framework for bioethics doctors have a lot of time to spend on moral philosophy 2 / 7 Logic allows people to put things in order. Which of the following makes the most sense? A nurse greets a patient newly admitted at 8 pm who suffers from sleep deprivation seizures and wakes the patient up at 10 pm to do an examination and ask questions person loading grocery boxes puts potato chips in first and cans of beans on top of the potato chips a person serving tea stuffs the tea bag so extremely that it cannot expand and absorb water a nurse greets a patient, and when informed that the patient has sleep deprivation seizures, does the intake examination and asks all necessary questions immediately to avoid waking the patient up later 3 / 7 In a clinical care setting, common sense can be stifled by all the following except too many rules the inability to use discretion and "think on your feet" training that teaches rules but not decision-making strategies training in resilience and how to deal with the unexpected 4 / 7 While the Frankfurt school of Critical Theory combines philosophy and social sciences and is practical and normative, lower case critical theory includes feminism critical race theory many theories challenging power all of the above 5 / 7 Critical theory focuses on challenging assumptions challenging power structures reflecting on the past and present to inform the future all of the above 6 / 7 A mandatory reporter knows that a good parent keeps some expired food in the refrigerator because her elderly mother refuses to allow any waste. The mandatory reporting law requires disclosure if a child misses too many days of school. The child has mono and misses school. The mandatory reporter follows the rule and reports. A welfare check is done and child protective services is sent. They see expired food items and the family is placed under strict surveillance and monitored for potential custody loss. This would represent the system properly working to err on the side of protecting children. This would represent a flaw in the system of mandatory reporting. 7 / 7 People who have discretion to exercise autonomy in their workplace should use common sense as a check on AI or tech gone wrong an opportunity to make an exception to a rule that would be absurd in its uniform application an opportunity to improve efficiency all of the above Your score is The average score is 95% LinkedIn Facebook Twitter VKontakte 0% Restart quiz 5 Created on December 24, 2021 Treatment or Enhancement? You decide whether each action is treatment or enhancement and, at the end, you can explain your reasoning. 1 / 11 Wearing eyeglasses. Treatment Enhancement 2 / 11 Laser surgery to correct vision. Treatment Enhancement 3 / 11 Without a memory deficiency, taking a pill to enhance memory Treatment Enhancement 4 / 11 Without a memory deficiency, implanting a chip to enhance memory. Treatment Enhancement 5 / 11 Using a google search to gather information. Treatment Enhancement Neither 6 / 11 Implanting a chip that stores a nearly infinite amount of information making it accessible to the brain. Treatment Enhancement Neither 7 / 11 A device that allows the color blind to experience color differently through sound waves or other sensory perceptions. Treatment Enhancement 8 / 11 Editing genes to prevent influenza. Treatment Enhancement 9 / 11 Editing genes to allow the body to target an existing cancer. Treatment Enhancement 10 / 11 Without an injury or deficiency, having leg surgery to improve speed and athleticism replacing natural muscle tissue, bone, and ligaments with stronger materials. Treatment Enhancement 11 / 11 In making these decisions, what are the ethical distinctions you are drawing? Why? Is something placed inside the body morally different from a handheld device or a wearable? Does transparency matter (it could look like a person with a dictionary implanted is a genius)? Is an implant making a different statement about the value of humanness and the human body? Neil Harbisson uses a device to address his inability to see colors https://medicalfuturist.com/the-worlds-most-famous-real-life-cyborgs/ Are societal changes and who has a voice in them more important or is it a matter of bodily autonomy? Is there a preconceived "normal" that serves as a basis for categorizing something as either enhancement or treatment? (And please ignore the right and wrong answers, as it is more opinion than definition.) Check Your score is The average score is 77% LinkedIn Facebook Twitter VKontakte 0% Restart quiz 4 Created on December 26, 2021 Disasters A quiz on ethical issues surrounding pandemics, acts of nature, persistent threats, and weather events. 1 / 6 The terminology often used to describe disasters that affect people and stem from weather, disease and pestilence, and seismic activity is epic disaster natural disaster humanmade disaster human-caused 2 / 6 Criticisms of the term "natural disaster" include all of the following except it makes the disaster sound unavoidable it fails to consider the influence of people on the earth it lets those responsible off the hook and places attention on the disaster rather than on those vulnerable to the disastrous effects of the events it distinguishes events occurring in nature from human-made disasters like oil spills or terrorism 3 / 6 It is possible to protect those vulnerable to weather events by (see https://www.gfdrr.org/en/breaking-link-between-extreme-weather-and-extreme-poverty ) insurance policies early warning systems better building regulations better control of water levels to avert emergencies all of the above 4 / 6 Weather events in the US lead to poverty for those who often also experience the following except long hours of work; minimum wage or low wages difficulty attaining those things associated with good health like healthy food extreme wealth a lack of insurance 5 / 6 Examples of policies that could protect those vulnerable to disasters include maintain national stockpiles of equipment and have laws to direct production of helpful solutions (like vaccines) strict building codes affordable subsidized flood insurance all of the above 6 / 6 A good example of a "natural disaster" which led to serious harm, some of which was preventable, includes (choose two) the tornadoes across Kentucky and surrounding states on December 10, 2021 the terrorist attacks at the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 the COVID-19 pandemic the Florida building collapse June 24, 2021 Your score is The average score is 75% LinkedIn Facebook Twitter VKontakte 0% Restart quiz 2 Created on January 06, 2022 By Anne Zimmerman Justice A quiz about the many roles of justice in bioethics. 1 / 7 Justice is complicated by competing views of fairness competing views of cuisine 2 / 7 Can justice require that someone with an extra need receive extra of something provided by taxpayers? (For example, a tutor, a supplement to make up for a past nutritional deficit, etc.) Yes No Maybe This is a matter of opinion. 3 / 7 The social determinants of health include workplace discrimination a lack of agency a lack of parks and outdoor space poor living conditions poverty All of the above 4 / 7 Independent contractors differ from employees and generally do not receive money employer-based health insurance 5 / 7 Which of the following statements is true? justice in law and bioethics can concern righting a past wrong justice in bioethics is about getting as much for oneself as possible justice in law is only about punishment 6 / 7 Justice is subject to many viewpoints and considerations. A question relevant to justice is To which goods do all or some people have a claim steeped in justice? How can people have more luxury goods? 7 / 7 Law and justice concern which of the following questions? Should current laws ensure a right to basic goods like food and shelter? Should the law treat people trying to access the public school system equally? Should justice require equal access to health care that is either very expensive, goes beyond the standard of care, or is experimental? All of the above Your score is The average score is 78% LinkedIn Facebook Twitter VKontakte 0% Restart quiz
