The four principles defined by Beauchamp and Childress were published in their 1979 book, Principles of Biomedical Ethics. The Principles Autonomy: self-direction Beneficence: doing good (to whom, at what cost, how to define what is good, comparing and weighing competing goods) Nonmaleficence: doing no harm (context of physician, Big Pharma, policymaker, public policy wrongdoing) Justice: … Continue reading Four Principles, their value, and why we need to move beyond them